Online Masters and Doctorates Degrees in Education 2019

Individuals who begin a college level course of study with the intention of teaching at the elementary or high school level will major in education. It is rare that you will see a program labeled teaching degree. Education degrees tend to focus on specific levels or aspects of teaching. Masters and doctorate degrees are offered in education. There are program offerings available such as Masters in Education/Early Childhood Education. The University of Phoenix Online offers the following degrees in education: Master of Arts in Education/Curriculum Instruction Adult Education Master of Arts in Education/Curriculum Instruction Computer Education Master of Arts in Education/Curriculum Instruction ESL Master of Arts in Education/Early Childhood Education Master of Arts in Education/Elementary Teacher Education Master of Arts in Education/Secondary Teacher Education Master of Arts in Education/Special Education As you may have noticed, not all of these degrees are geared for classroom instruction. Some of these degrees would put a person in an administrative or planning position in a school state board office of education. .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8:active, .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uf9593b5f63d31f0cbb1198562b9bdde8:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Earning an Education in Business AccountingDoctoral programs in education are also available at the University of Phoenix Online. The focuses for the two doctoral programs the school offers are educational leadership and curriculum and instruction. An individual with one of these degrees might teach on the college level or take on a leadership role in an educational district. Capella University offers the following advanced degree programs for people already working as teachers: Leadership in Educational Administration, Curriculum and Instruction, Advanced Classroom Instruction, and Reading and Literacy. These programs are also geared for those interested in educational management or leadership positions. Capella also offers the following advanced degrees for individuals who are not certified teachers: Leadership for Higher Education, Postsecondary and Adult Education, Professional Studies in Education, Instructional Design for Online Learning, Training and Performance Improvement, and Enrollment Management. There are advanced degree programs available at Jones International University for those who want to become teachers. There are fourteen concentrations available in the schools masters of education program offerings. Five of the programs are for those who would like to obtain their teachers license. There are also programs for those looking to play administrative roles in education. .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04:active, .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uaeed6987941e02dc818721e8e4da1e04:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Technology SchoolsWith online colleges, and most other institutions, you are likely to obtain your masters degree along with teacher certification. Related ArticlesMasters Degrees in Education OnlineEarly Childhood Education Teaching CertificationUse the Internet to Attain a Masters Degree in TeachingAcquiring Your Teaching Degree On The InternetThe Doctorate in Education Educational LeadershipFind Online Education and Teaching Degree Programs

Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan) Free Essays

Percy Jackson The Titans Curse In this Percy Jackson and the Olympians book, it starts out when Thalia daughter of Zeus, Annabeth daughter or Athena, and Percy son of Poseidon set out to help Grover who found two really power full half bloods escort them back to camp have blood. But then they run into trouble when this really power monster shows up that works for Cronus try’s to take Bianca and Nico the two really powerful other half bloods. Before there group was about to be defeated Artemis goddess of the hunt and the moon sun of Apollo shows up and rescues them with her huntresses. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also Annabeth saved them but in the process she falls off the cliff and they could not find her, little do they no that she was really just captured by Luke and Cronus, Bianca joined the hunt with Artemis and left Nico at camp half blood to train to become stronger. Artemis left her huntresses to go find the one monster that could destroy Olympus, while trying to find the monster she was captured by Cronus and needs to be rescued before the winter solstice so that she can convince the council that they need to go to war to prevent the titans rise. So a quest was given to Zoe who was the leader of the huntresses that they should go save Artemis before the winter solstice and when she went to go consult the Delphi Oracle it said â€Å"five shall go west hunters and campers combined will not fail one shall be lost in the land without rain and another shall parish by a parents hand. † So since Zoe was the quest leader she got to choose who goes with her, she chose three hunters and two campers but one of the hunters got sick so she couldn’t go so only four of them left for the quest Zoe Bianca, Thalia and Grover but then Percy wanted to go save Annabeth so he snuck off to save her. He ends up meeting up with and saves them from the monster that tries to kill them early. When the got to New Mexico (which is a land with out rain) they go into the gods junk yard and this giant mechanical robot thing comes to life and then Bianca jumped into the robot and defeated it but she was lost and could not be found. They had to go all the way from camp half blood which is right out side New York all the way to California. When they finally go to California the had to go up the mountain of the titans so it is really dangerous also the general is back which is cronus’s number one warrior you no the guy who holds up the sky atlas. When they get up there they see Annabeth laying on the ground over where you hold up the sky and Artemis holding up the sky they also see Luke and Atlas and an army behind them Percy Jackson did the naturally stupid thing and charged Atlas but cause of this curse that was put on Percy his weapon riptide failed him and so he ran over to where Artemis was holding up the sky and took the sky for her so that she could fight Atlas, While that was happening Thalia was fighting Luke after he was defeated by her, he tried to jump at her but her reflexes was to fast and she kicked him off the cliff with was like a 30 foot drop so he should have died but didn’t when Artemis was fighting Atlas she was defeated and before she was about to get seriously hurt Zoe jumped in the way and saved her, which gave Artemis enough time to get up and ready to fight again. In the mean time Zoe was seriously hurt and was about to die and everyone else was about to get defeated but then Artemis kicked Atlas under the sky again and so Percy jumped out of the way and so Atlas was stuck once again under the sky, but there was still a giant army that was surrounding them but out of no where Annabeth’s dad which owned a plane came out and started shooting all the monsters with Celtic bronze bullets which gave Artemis enough time to call down a chariot and so they jumped in to get away. Zoe was still really injured and on her death bed. She ends up dieing and then they find out that Atlas was Zoe’s dad so she perished by a parents hand. When they get back to camp half blood Nico found out his sister died so he got really angry and ran off which on his way finds out he is the son of Hades. Up on mount Olympus on the winter solstice they end up finding the monster which was a harmless cow sea serpent and so if you sacrifice a harmless monster you g ain the power to over throw the gods, Artemis convinces the gods that they need to go to war with the titans. How to cite Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan), Papers

Accounting Policies And Reliability

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Policies And Reliability? Answer: Introduction The report starts with a discussion on harmonisation of accounting standards. How and why the harmonisation process is useful has been explained. Harmonisation is then compared and contrasted against the process of convergence. The convergence of IFRS into GAAP has been briefed a little in the report. The impacts of such convergence on various economies in EU have been briefly discussed. The aim of the report is to explain the importance of uniform accounting practices for the companies that are operating in global economy. The report then goes on to discuss the qualitative and fundamental aspects of financial reporting and why is it useful to have reporting that are fundamentally strong and sound. International accounting standards Harmonisation basically means bridging the differences in financial reporting. The purpose of harmonisation is to make the accounting standard uniform so that all the disclosures are done in the same way by all the companies. If financial reports are prepared in different ways by all the companies, it becomes difficult for the reader to understand each and every aspect of the financial reporting. So, there are some standard rules and procedures that are to be followed by all the companies which is known as harmonisation of accounting standards. According to Combs, Samy and Myachina (2013), Harmonisation of accounting may vary from country to country. Thus for international investors, it becomes difficult to understand the accounting standards of other countries. Here the term convergence comes into picture which means creating a harmony between accounting standards that are followed by different regulatory bodies. An example of this would be international Accounting standards (IAS) and US Accounting standards (GAAP). This would enhance the confidence of international investors while making investment decisions. Harmonisation takes into account the comparability of the reports and to ensure that the chances of occurrence of any reporting as well as reading errors are minimum (Nobes, 2014). With the help of harmonisation reading complexity of all the financial statements is reduced. Harmonisation also tries to ensure that the process of auditing is smoothened out and the audit reports are prepared uniformly across a country (Jannelli and Tesone, 2013). On the other hand, convergence takes into account, harmonisation of international accounting standards. Harmonisation does not deal with the quality of reporting but convergence deals with the quality of reporting. Convergence also aims to ensure that the international financial reporting that all the companies could use for national and international reporting. Harmonisation aims at increasing agreements in the accounting standards and rules between parties. But it does not involve standardisation of accounting practices (Beke, 2010). Convergence leads to standardisation of accounting process across countries. In harmonisation, as long as there is no logical conflict in the financial representation, or a conflict between the set accounting rules, it would be accepted and followed. But in convergence, the accounting processes and rules are standardised and are to be followed globally. There cannot be any difference because of different boundaries. Convergence can also be defined as an effort of IASB to promulgate the different national accounting standards and use the expertise of these standards to promulgate the best possible international accounting standards. It ensures compatibility in all the international reporting. Convergence tries to remove the barriers for financial reporting when they try to move across boundaries. However harmonisation aims at producing synergistic results within the boundaries of a single economy. It aims at making the reporting uniform so that readers can compare the performance by using similar performance indicators. Advantages and Disadvantages of Harmonisation The advantages and disadvantages of harmonisation is discussed in the table below. Advantages Disadvantages Harmonisation aids comparability of the financial reports irrespective of the industry and thus acts as an important tool in the hands of the investors. Harmonisation does not take into account international scenario and thus is subjected to condemnation. The quality of reporting by the companies operating in under developed economies may not be explicit enough. Financial reporting appears to be more consistent because of harmonisation. Harmonisation ignores the fact that the conditions for accounting may be different and thus uniform reporting on uniform features makes it difficult for the companies a lot of times. Harmonisation aids the process of investment and various analysis can be performed by the experts. So all the investments that are made are informed investments. Harmonisation cannot provide a fool proof answer to the questions posed by the operators in a global economy (Bradshaw and Miller, 2008). The Adoption of IFRS in the EU Any business enterprise that is operating in EU is supposed to use IFRS accounting standards for the purpose of reporting. From the year 2015, endorsement has been made compulsory by regulatory authorities in EU(Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Since then EU has been one of the major contributors to IFRS in terms of market capitalisation. No account consolidation is possible without following principles of IFRS in EU. As per a research conducted by Biondi (2014) still there are a few companies who are following the principles of GAAP. Adoption of IFRS made financial reporting process more transparent, comparable and encouraged liquidity, more capital inflows. The markets in the European Union became more investment friendly as international investors were able to make informed investments. (Source: European commission, 2015) The endorsement process of IFRS was made public so that every change that is incorporated in the system is transparent. The monitoring board made direct interaction with IFRS foundation which in turn put the issues of IASB and IFRICs. It was made sure at each levels that the responsible authorities are providing unbiased opinions and there are no vested interests as such. IASB also proposed to develop a conceptual framework wherein they agreed to respond to the demands of stakeholders of these policies as well as respond to the concerns of the regulatory bodies. The role that was to be played by each committee member was made clear by IASB but at the same time the concerns related to standards were to be addressed by EFRAG(European Financial Reporting Advisory Group). The committee would also prepare a report on the expected economic effects of the changes and on the other financial indicators of the economy. Then it would go ahead and propose the draft to the other team members of the board. If any of the team members want to oppose to any changes that are made in the reporting standards then they need to do so within the three months. Else it would be assumed that the proposed draft has been accepted. The regulatory bodies basically had two main concerns. They wanted to address the concerns of investors as well as the concerns raised by taxation authorities. The standards should be Anglo-Saxon and also should be able to address the queries of creditors. In a study conducted by Terzungwe (2012) on Nigerian firms it was noticed that by converging into IFRS, the firms could get better opportunities at international level. They gained on cross border listing, had better competitiveness and they could eliminate the need for reconciliation of information that was reported by their financial accounts. In another study conducted on Italian firms by Cordazzo (2013), it was found out that there existed huge discrepancy between the GAAP and the IFRS. The impact of different accounting rules in the financial accounts created big differences in net income as the treatment of intangible assets and taxes. Another implication for Convergence of IFRS in EU was cost that was to be incurred in training the professionals for the new accounting standards. The diversities that existed in EU in the accounting standards made the convergence a tedious and complex process however it came out with a lot of advantages (Harper, Leatherbury, Machuca and Phillips, 2012). The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting The conceptual framework for financial reporting explains the rules and procedures that are to be followed while making financial disclosures. It helps in providing help to the regulatory authorities to develop standards that would assure consistency in the disclosures as well as interpretation ways. This has to ensure that the reporting is clear and concise and there does not exist any scope for any loopholes for fraud and misrepresentation (Teixeira, 2015). Qualitative Characteristics Qualitative characteristics that are to be described are comparability, transparency, integrity, verifiability and timeliness. Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics All the financial disclosures that are made by the companies must be done keeping into mind the users requirements. So apart from addressing the fundamental needs of the financial reporting, it should be able to provide suitable explanations to the varieties of concerns that are raised by various stakeholders. The fundamental qualitative characteristics are materiality, relevance and faithful representation. Apart from this other factors that are to be kept into mind are verifiability, comparability, timeliness and understandability. The fundamental aspects can be explained as follows. Relevance: The financial reporting should contain only those data that could be used as information for at least one set of stakeholders. The reporting should add value to the decision making process of the reader. Faithful Representation: People who have invested money and have some kind of interests attached with any business organisation would certainly like to have a clear picture about the firm. So the financial data that are represented should be free from error, complete and unbiased. Materiality: This characteristic ensures that the data that are represented are entity specific and pertain to a specific time period. The reader should be able to clearly understand the purpose and time period of the disclosure. Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics Since the quality of accounting does not have any fixed definition that all are supposed to follow, the quality of reporting would generally be understood by looking at some fundamental principles. The others are value additions which act lie cherry on the pie and supports stakeholders requirements. The determinants of the financial reporting would be the analysts who are using the information provided by the companies to lure the investors, the legal system who would want to have fair tax revenues, the debtors and the capital providers. The regulatory authorities want this reporting to be uniform so that financial audits and financial performance can be judged uniformly (Abbas and Al-abdullah, 2012). The enhanced qualitative characteristics can be explained as follows. Reliability: The reader of the data should be sure that whatever is being disclosed is reliable and being prepared by someone who has required knowledge about the same. A completely reliable accounting reporting would be one where all the depictions that are being made have required information and the user is being able to understand the phenomenon that is being depicted. Comparability: From investors perspective it is very important to be able to choose between options. They should also be able to compare the past performance with the current performance so that they can decide on the growth path of their investments. The feature comparability also enables users to compare between different companies in the same industry and also between two firms in completely different industry. Consistency: The accounting procedures that are used should be consistent over the years. Same items should be treated in the same way over the years. The ways of treating each and every item should be uniform. Verifiability: The reader of the information should be sure that all the information that has been depicted in the accounts are free of errors are completely unbiased. At any point of time, if anyone wishes can verify the data using appropriate channels. The reader should be sure that the information depicts only reality and nothing else (Ball, Li and Shivakumar,2015). Timeliness: The availability of data at the correct time is of utmost importance. There is no point of having an information when is significance has been lost. So, timeliness is one important aspect of financial reporting. Understandability: The conceptual framework of reporting affirms that if the data is presented in a clear and concise manner following all the guidelines would be understood in the correct way. Conclusion The above discussion puts a light on the importance and usage of harmonisation of accounts. The importance of harmonisation over convergence has also been explained. The convergence of IFRS in the EU economies has significant effects in terms of net income and equity of the users of accounting standards. Finally the paper has put light on the fundamental and other qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. The aspects like relevance, comparability, faithfulness, understandability, verifiability are emphasised in the paper. The paper explains the purpose of accounting from various stakeholders point of view. References Abbas, B. and Al-abdullah, R., 2012. Are IASB's Qualitative Characteristics Reflected in IFRSs? IAS 29 as a Case Study. Research Journal of economics, business and ICT. 5. Ball, R., Li, X. and Shivakumar, L., 2015. Contractibility and transparency of financial statement information prepared under IFRS: Evidence from debt contracts around IFRS adoption.Journal of Accounting Research,53(5), pp.915-963. Beke, J., 2010. Accounting Management by International Standards. International Journal of Business and Management.5(5). Biondi, Y., 2014. Harmonising European public sector accounting standards (EPSAS): issues and perspectives for Europes economy and society.Accounting, Economics and Law,4(3), pp.165-178. Bradshaw, M. T., 2008. Will Harmonizing Accounting Standards Really Harmonize Accounting? Evidence from Non-U.S. Firms Adopting U.S. GAAP. Journal of accounting, auditing and finance. 23(2). Pp 233-264.Combs, A., Samy, M. and Myachina, A., 2013. Cultural impact on the harmonisation of Russian Accounting Standards with the International Financial Reporting Standards: A practitioner's perspective. Journal of Accounting and organisational change. 9(1). Pp26-49. Cordazzo, M., 2013. The impact of IFRS on net income and equity: evidence from Italian listed companies. Journal of Applied Accounting Research. 14(1). Pp 54-73. European commission, 2015. COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. [online] Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52015SC0120[Accessed 14 March 2016]. Harper, A. B., Leatherbury, L., Machuca, A. and Phillips, J. 2012. The Convergence Of Multinational Standards And Practices In International Financial Reporting. Journal of international education research.8(4). Jannelli, R. and Tesone, C., 2013. The Accounting Harmonization Process: Italian Public Principles and International Accounting Standards. Is It a Cultural Choice?. Open Journal of Accounting. 2. Pp 115-121. Nobes, C.W., 2014. Harmonization of accounting within the European communities: The fourth directive on company law.International Accounting and Transnational Decisions, p.111. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. , 2012.Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Terzungwe, N., 2012. Expected Benefits of Implementing Global Accounting Standards by Nigerian Business Entities. International Journal of Business and Management. 7(15). Teixeira, A., 2015. Conceptual framework for financial reporting: an introduction to the special issue. Accounting and Business Research. 45(5).

The Different Approaches in the Study of Personality

Table of Contents Introduction Biological Approach Humanistic Approach Personality Trait Approach Psychoanalytical Approaches Learning Approach References Introduction The study of personality is an intriguing subject. I carried out a literature review of different journal articles to analyze what different scholars had to say on the topic. In the book Essentials of Psychology authored by Robert Feldman the different approaches of studying human personality are highlighted in the fourteenth chapter.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Different Approaches in the Study of Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He begins by analyzing Sigmund Freud’s theory which proposes that the human personality is influenced by the experiences a human being goes through in the different stages of development. The biological approach argues that the personality of a human being is determined genetically. There are scholars who believe that personality is determined by the thoughts, values and feelings that people have. The personality trait theory proposes that the personality of a human being can be analyzed using five broad measures of personality traits. The measures focus on whether one is an extrovert or easy to get along with. Finally, there is the humanistic approach that proposes that humans are inherently good. They have positive influences on each other leading to growth of healthy personalities. This paper is an analysis of what different scholars have contributed to the study of the human personality. Biological Approach David Buss believes that the study of the biological approach will greatly help in understanding personality. Biology is the study of life. In psychology biological approaches provide different ways of evaluating psychological and behavioral trends. He mentions the three ways in his article as evolutionary, behavioral genetic and psycho physiological ap proaches (Buss, 1990). The biological study of personality has been greatly misunderstood. First of all, people think that there is a singular approach when it comes to the biological theory however there are several approaches. The second misconception causes people to believe biological approaches are against environmental approaches. This is false since evolutionary approaches describe how organisms adapt to their environments. Majority of personality research is done without the influence of a biological outlook. Buss shows that the biological viewpoint addresses nine concerns in the area of personality. He argues that it provides a sufficient explanation of human nature. A further study of biology will provide many solutions to uncover the mystery of genetic variability in species. It will also help in the identification of the fundamental behaviors that differentiate individuals. There is a need to provide clarity when it comes to the concepts of adaptation and adjustment. The biological approach provides the required information. It provides clarity since it recognizes the genesis of personality dispositions. It gives a closer look into personality development and the study of life history.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also provides models and standards in analyzing personality forms instead of personality dimensions. It also shows the need of tackling the psychophysiology aspect of personality. Lastly, the biological approach helps one to concentrate on psychological mechanisms as the means of solving any problems that arise. The personality neuroscience field is based on the fact that one cannot comprehend the whole person exclusive of the human brain. Neuroscience methods are used to examine individual diversity. This is in relation to behavior, stimulus, feelings, and cognition. Personality psychology has clearly assisted scholars in u nderstanding the important dimensions of personality however it offers less in understanding the biological causes of these measures. The field of neuroscience has been growing rapidly and bringing more clarity in the area. DeYoung wrote an article where he gives analysis of the growth of neuroscience in examining personality traits structured using a hierarchical structure. The hierarchical model is based on the Big Five dimensions which are Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness or Intellect. He has gathered sufficient evidence proving that there are biological aspects that affect each personality trait. The data collected from personality psychology can be used in neuroscience studies. The psychological aspects that influence personality traits should interest someone who is fascinated by the study of personality neuroscience (DeYoung, 2010). Humanistic Approach Montouri and Fahim lay out a strong case on the impact of cross-cultural relationship s on personality. They examine what different writers have written on culture compared to their own personal experiences. They believe cross-cultural experiences should be seen as a source of positive impact on personality especially in the United States where there are many people of different cultures. In the United States people tend to be individualistic. They do not want to interact a lot with others. This mentality can cause people not to experience maximum personality growth (Montouri Fahim, 2004). Cross-cultural encounters cause people to examine their own beliefs and systems especially on how they perceiving the world around them. It causes one to engage in learning and relearning and in the process people experience a lot of growth and change. It makes individuals more open, friendly and accommodating. This is also an area of research that may provide great research materials.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Different Approaches in the Study of Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patterson and Joseph studied the person-centered model in relation to modern developments in the field of positive psychology. Carl Rogers’s person-centered theory proposes that human species have an inherent trend toward growth, development and maximum functioning. This assumption is used as the leading code for client centered healing practice. The researchers came up with five hypotheses in order to test the assumptions of the person-centered theory. First of all they wanted to know whether men are born with an innate need to actualize. Are there socio-environmental conditions that increase the desire for self-actualization? They also wanted to know whether change process outcomes lead to healthy psychological functioning. Do others affect the change process? Do negative remarks stop the change process? Finally, will the changed share common values? Theoretical similariti es and points of union between the self-determination and person-centered model were pointed out. The self-determination theory analyses behaviors as either intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. The empirical evidence gathered showed significant implications on the major hypothesis of the person-centered model. The empirical findings showed that the five hypotheses raised were true (Patterson Joseph, 2007). The researchers argue that based on the results the person-centered model provides helpful conditions for the therapeutic transformation. The transformation leads to a favorable social environment. It is very important to use this convergence of theories and evidence to deal with the criticism of the person-centered model. There are arguments that the person-centered model lacks sufficient evidence. Researchers can use the evidence gathered concerning the person-centered approach by these authors in their future work. Meta-theoretical theories have potential contribution to positive psychology. Personality Trait Approach At times circumstances may force researchers to use short instruments or nil instruments while conducting various research projects. Gossling, Rentfrow, and Swann wrote an article where they evaluated the new 5 and 10-item measures of the big five personality dimension. The big five structure has great support. It is the most widely used research model for personality traits. However, it has not been accepted universally. Big five structure is a hierarchical theory of personality traits based on five wide factors. Researchers at time work on limited time. They are forced to use a brief instrument for the big-five personality dimension otherwise they will not conduct the research at all.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this article, studies are conducted to evaluate the new 5 and 10-item measures of the big five personality traits. The authors were looking at parameters such as test-retest reliability, patterns of predicted external correlates and unity between self and observers’ ratings. Their findings proved that the researchers may use brief instruments instead of the longer big-five instruments. There are times the research conditions necessitate the use of a brief instrument. The 10-item is recommended out of the two instruments. This is based on the fact that the instrument has proven to be psychometrically superior, it allows researchers to check for errors and it takes about one minute to complete the test (Gossling, Rentfrow, Swann, 2003). Sulloway did an analysis of the revolutionary theory and personality psychology and in light of the scientific revolutions that have taken place. Sulloway suggests that the birth order of children in a human family shapes their personalities . Children in human families fight for parental resources through creating distinctive roles for themselves. He argues that the first born is usually responsible, competitive and reserved while the rest get their identity by being playful and rebellious. The effects of birth order on children personalities were examined by Jefferson, Jeffrey and McCrae in 1998. Their findings revealed that there was no relationship between personality and birth order. They got a sample that was representative of the nation and analyzed several qualities in people. Was an individual an extrovert? Was he open to people? Their results on the adult sample revealed that altruism and tender-mindedness had little effect on the personality traits. In the analysis of age mates the observations or results showed that children who are not the first-borns were more open and agreeable however the observations on spouses did not advance the same theory. The findings collected failed to prove that personality play s a meditational role in Sulloway’s theory of scientific revolutions (Jefferson, Jeffrey McCrae, 1998). Based on these findings it is evident that both birth order and personality are independent predictors of creativity in human lives. Psychoanalytical Approaches Sigmund Freud who was a leading psycho-analyst discovered the Oedipus complex. He realized that children also have sexual feelings as adults. After Freud unearthed his childhood memories he formed a general theory which he called the Oedipus complex. This theory originates from the phallic period in a child based on his or her aggression towards the parents. This is the source of the whole psychological structure. He proposed that the external behavior of all people proved the existence of the complex. Afroz wrote an article where he attempted to identify the effects of Oedipus complex on external behavior of humans. He analyzed the results of tests carried out on a random sample of several males and females. Freud described four types of changes of the complex. They include socialized, anti-socialized, partially repressed and abnormally socialized type. This theory received a lot of critics from other researchers. The theory seemed controversial due to the high emphasis of the child’s sexuality as its origin. Freud truly believed so much in the sexual basis of the complex that he immediately refused to consider other explanations. After considering the results of the survey, the author concludes that the Oedipus complex is the source of all positive and negative emotions (Afroz, 2009). Baumeister, Dale and Sommer in 1998 carried out a literature review of different articles on Freud’s theory of defense mechanisms exhibited in individuals. The strategy adopted depends on an individual’s personality. The researchers focused on writers who had carried out various forms primary data collection and analysis. They focused on populations with no special cases when it came to de fense of self-esteem against threats that was not extreme in nature. They found that people did exhibit denial, reaction formation, isolation and undoing. However there was no conclusive evidence that projection, sublimation and displacement were used by personality types as defense mechanisms (Baumeister, Dale Sommer, 1998). It is an interesting area of personality and provides an area for further research. It would be interesting to find out why certain personalities chose one type of defense mechanism over the other. Learning Approach Dweck in 2008 was interested in finding out whether a person’s beliefs could change his or her personality. He believed more research should be carried out on beliefs since people’s personality transformed every time they acquired new beliefs. The case studies analyzed showed that the individuals who were open to change and acquiring new beliefs performed better in life when faced with challenges. Adopting a learning ability caused th em to be malleable increasing their adaptability in life. All they had to do was change their beliefs. Those who were rigid or fixed when hit with challenges were de-motivated. Secondly people’s acceptance or rejection caused people to behave in certain ways. If a person had a belief that he would be rejected, he would be insecure and have fragile relationships. People who knew they were accepted were more confident and exhibited stronger relationships and high confidence. If the expectations for acceptance or rejection were changed, it would have a profound change in someone’s personality. If one knew they were accepted, he would be more confident even in the face of challenges (Dweck, 2008). There is growth in interest in forming synthetic agents which are efficient as the human agents. This will require extensive programming to create such artificial agents who act as natural agents. Behavioral scientists are required to issue the codes for the system. They cannot a fford to act as consultants. Decoding the personality traits into the tangible behavior of agents using available modern programming structure has proven to be a hard task. This is due to the requirement of a level of code complexity which makes the system out of reach to the behavioral scientists. Simpkins, Isbel and Marcquez suggest that the reinforcement learning approach can solve the problem. Reinforcement learning approach attempts to equip the synthetic agents with human personality traits and motivational factors. The creation of a system that is accessible to the behavioral scientists and increases the knowledge of the rich agents directly while minimizing the complexity of the programming is promising. It is important to find a way to derive the concrete behavior of an agent straight from the psychological personality models. This vision needs to be studied further to make it a reality (Simpkins, Isbel and Marcquez, 2010). References Afroz, T. (2009). Social Explanation of Oedipus Complex: A Psycho-analysis of Human Behavior. TMC Academic Journal, 4(2): 8-18. Baumeister, R. Dale, K., Sommer, K.(1998). Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial. Journal of Personality, 66(6): 1081-1095. Buss, D. (1990). Towards a Biologically Informed Psychology of Personality.  Journal of Personality, 15(8), 1-17. Dweck, C. (2008). Can Personality be Changed? The role of Beliefs in Personality and Change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 391-394. DeYoung, C. (2010). Personality Neuroscience and the Biology of Traits. Social and  Personality Psychology Compass, 4(12): 1165-1180. Jefferson, T., Jeffrey H. McCrae, R. (1998). Associations between Birth Order and Personality Traits: Evidence from Self-Reports and Observer Ratings. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 498-509. Gossling, S., Rentfrow, P., Swann, W. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528. Montouri, A. Fahim, U. (2004). Cross-Culture Encounter as an opportunity for Personal Growth. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44, 243-265. Patterson, T. Joseph, S. (2007). Person-Centered Personality Theory: Support From Self Determination Theory And Positive Psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47(1): 117-139. Simpkins, C., Isbel, C., Marcquez, N. (2010). Deriving Behavior from Personality: A Reinforcement Learning Approach. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Cognitive Modeling, 1-6. This research paper on The Different Approaches in the Study of Personality was written and submitted by user Zeke Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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What are pesticides? Pesticides are toxins, which are used by produce growers universally to control pests and insects that can destroy crops. Many times once these products are sold, these toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. 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